Ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili ma nā paipu kila humuhumu ʻole

Ⅰ-ʻakikaKa hoʻomāʻona ʻana

1.- Wehewehena o ka ʻAkika-Pickling: Hoʻohana ʻia nā waikawa e wehe i ka unahi hao oxide ma ke ʻano kemika ma kahi ʻano, mahana, a me ka wikiwiki, i kapa ʻia ʻo pickling.

2.- Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka waikawa: Wahi a ke ʻano o ka waikawa, ua māhele ʻia i ka waikawa sulfuric pickling, hydrochloric acid pickling, nitric acid pickling, a me hydrofluoric acid pickling. Pono e koho ʻia nā ʻano mea like ʻole no ka pickling ma muli o ka mea o ke kila, e like me ka pickling kalapona kila me ka sulfuric acid a me ka hydrochloric acid, a i ʻole ka pickling kila kila me ka hui ʻana o ka nitric acid a me ka hydrofluoric acid.

Wahi a ke ʻano o ke kila, ua māhele ʻia i ka pickling uea, ka pickling forging, ka pickling papa kila, ka pickling strip, etc.

Wahi a ke ʻano o nā lako hana pickling, ua māhele ʻia i ka pickling tank, ka pickling semi-continuous, ka pickling fully-continuous, a me ka pickling tower.

3.- Ke kumumanaʻo o ka pickling waikawa: ʻO ka pickling waikawa ke kaʻina hana o ka wehe ʻana i nā unahi hao oxide mai nā ʻili metala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kemika, no laila ua kapa ʻia hoʻi he pickling waikawa kemika. ʻO nā unahi hao oxide (Fe203, Fe304, Fe0) i hana ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili o nā paipu kila he oxide kumu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia i ka wai. Ke hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i loko o ka hopena waikawa a i ʻole ka pīpī ʻana me ka hopena waikawa ma luna o ka ʻili, hiki i kēia oxide kumu ke hana i kahi moʻo o nā loli kemika me ka waikawa.

Ma muli o ke ʻano palupalu, porous, a me ka māwae o ka unahi oxide ma luna o ka ʻili o ke kila hoʻonohonoho kalapona a i ʻole ke kila alloy haʻahaʻa, me ka kulou pinepine ʻana o ka unahi oxide me ke kila ʻāpana i ka wā e hoʻopololei ana, e hoʻopololei ana i ka tension, a me ka lawe ʻana ma ka laina pickling, hoʻonui hou ʻia a hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau māwae pore. No laila, hana ka hopena waikawa me ka unahi oxide ma ke ʻano kemika a hana pū me ka substrate kila hao ma o nā māwae a me nā pores. ʻO ia hoʻi, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka holoi ʻakika, ʻekolu mau hopena kemika ma waena o ka unahi oxide hao a me ka metala hao a me ka hopena waikawa e hana ʻia i ka manawa like. Hana nā unahi oxide hao i kahi hopena kemika me ka waikawa a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (dissolution) Hana ka hao hao me ka waikawa e hana i ke kinoea hydrogen, kahi e ʻili ai i ka unahi oxide (ka hopena ʻili mechanical) Hoʻemi ka hydrogen atomic i hana ʻia i nā oxide hao i nā oxide ferrous i maʻalahi i nā hopena waikawa, a laila hana me nā waikawa e wehe ʻia (reduction).

ʻElua-Hoʻopau ʻana/Hoʻopau/Hoʻopau ʻana

1.- Kumumanaʻo Passivation: Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano passivation e ke kumumanaʻo ʻili lahilahi, kahi e hōʻike ana he passivation ma muli o ka pilina ma waena o nā metala a me nā mea oxidizing, e hana ana i kahi ʻili passivation lahilahi loa, mānoanoa, uhi maikaʻi ʻia, a hoʻopili paʻa ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili metala. Aia kēia papa o ka ʻili ma ke ʻano he pae kūʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi hui o nā metala oxidized. He kuleana kona i ka hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻana i ka metala mai ka mea ʻino, e pale ana i ka metala mai ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka mea ʻino, a laila e hoʻōki ana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka metala a hoʻokumu i kahi kūlana passive e hoʻokō ai i ka hopena anti-corrosion.

2.- Nā pono o ka passivation:

1) Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano sila kino kuʻuna, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka passivation ka ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻole ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka workpiece a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kala, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka pololei a me ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia o ka huahana, e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana;

2) Ma muli o ke ʻano hana ʻole o ke kaʻina hana passivation, hiki ke hoʻohui pinepine ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ka mea passivation, e hopena ana i kahi ola lōʻihi a me ke kumukūʻai ʻoi aku ka hoʻokele waiwai.

3) Hoʻoulu ka passivation i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻili passivation molekala oxygen ma luna o ka ʻili metala, he paʻa a paʻa hoʻi i ka hana, a he hopena hoʻoponopono ponoʻī i ka lewa i ka manawa like. No laila, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano kuʻuna o ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻaila antirust, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka ʻili passivation i hana ʻia e ka passivation a kū i ka pala. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hopena hoʻopiʻi ma ka papa oxide e pili pololei a ʻaʻole paha i ke kaʻina hana o ka oxidation thermal. Ma ka pae mahana o 800-1250 ℃, ʻekolu mau pae mau o ke kaʻina hana oxidation thermal e hoʻohana ana i ka oxygen maloʻo, oxygen pulu, a i ʻole ka mahu wai. ʻO ka mea mua, komo ka oxygen i ka lewa kaiapuni i ka papa oxide i hana ʻia, a laila hoʻolaha ka oxygen i loko ma o ka silicon dioxide. Ke hiki i ka interface Si02-Si, pane ia me ka silicon e hana i ka silicon dioxide hou. Ma kēia ʻano, hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻolaha komo oxygen, e hoʻololi mau ana ka silicon kokoke i ka interface i silica, a ulu ka papa oxide i loko o ka wafer silicon ma kahi wikiwiki.

Ⅲ-Hoʻopili ʻia

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka phosphating kahi hopena kemika e hana ana i kahi papa o ka ʻili (phosphating film) ma luna o ka ʻili. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke kaʻina hana phosphating ma nā ʻili metala, me ka pahuhopu o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi ʻili pale e hoʻokaʻawale i ka metala mai ka lewa a pale i ka palaho; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he primer no kekahi mau huahana ma mua o ka pena ʻana. Me kēia papa o ka ʻili phosphating, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pipili a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho o ka papa pena, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai hoʻonaninani, a hoʻonani i ka ʻili metala. Hiki iā ia ke pāʻani i kahi hana lubricating i kekahi mau kaʻina hana anu metala.

Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka phosphating, ʻaʻole e oxidize a popo paha ka workpiece no ka manawa lōʻihi, no laila ua nui loa ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ka phosphating a he hana mālama ʻili metala hoʻi i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā ʻoihana e like me nā kaʻa, nā moku, a me ka hana mīkini.

1.- Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka phosphating

ʻO ka maʻamau, e hōʻike kahi mālama ʻili i kahi kala ʻokoʻa, akā hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka phosphating ma nā pono maoli ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea phosphating like ʻole e hōʻike i nā kala like ʻole. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻike pinepine ai mākou i ka mālama ʻana i ka phosphating i ka hina, ke kala, a i ʻole ka ʻeleʻele.

ʻO ka phosphating hao: ma hope o ka phosphating, e hōʻike ka ʻili i ke kala ānuenue a me ka uliuli, no laila ua kapa ʻia hoʻi he phosphorus kala. Hoʻohana nui ka hopena phosphating i ka molybdate ma ke ʻano he mea maka, kahi e hana ai i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni phosphating kala ānuenue ma luna o ka ʻili o nā mea kila, a hoʻohana nui ʻia hoʻi e pena i ka papa lalo, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka hana i ka corrosion a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka uhi ʻili.