◦ Kūlana hoʻokō: GB/T1222-2007.
◦ Māmā: 7.85 g/cm3.
• ka hoʻohui kemika
◦ Carbon (C): 0.62% ~ 0.70%, hāʻawi i ka ikaika kumu a me ka paʻakikī.
◦ Manganese (Mn): 0.90% ~ 1.20%, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī a hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī.
◦ Silicon (Si): 0.17% ~ 0.37%, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana hana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa.
◦ Phosphorus (P): ≤0.035%, sulfur (S) ≤0.035%, e hoomalu pono ana i na mea haumia.
◦ Chromium (Cr): ≤0.25%, nickel (Ni) ≤0.30%, keleawe (Cu) ≤0.25%, trace alloying elements, kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana.
• Nā waiwai mīkini
◦ Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe: ʻO ka ikaika tensile σb ʻo 825MPa ~ 925MPa, a aia kekahi mau ʻikepili ma luna o 980MPa. Loaʻa iā ia ka mana haʻahaʻa maikaʻi a kūpono i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe.
◦ Elasticity maikaʻi: Loaʻa iā ia kahi palena elastic kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke kū i ka hoʻoheheʻe elastic nui me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi mau, a hiki ke mālama pono a hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu.
◦ ʻO ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe: Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wela, hiki iā ia ke hōʻea i ka HRC50 a i luna aʻe, me ke kūpaʻa nui ʻana i ka lole, kūpono i nā kūlana ʻaʻahu.
◦ ʻO ka paʻakikī maikaʻi: Ke hoʻokau ʻia i nā ukana hopena, hiki iā ia ke komo i kahi nui o ka ikehu me ka ʻole o ka haki ʻana, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hilinaʻi a me ke ola lawelawe ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī.
• Nā hiʻohiʻona
◦ Paʻakiki kiʻekiʻe: Hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻo Manganese i ka paʻakikī, kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā punawai a me nā ʻāpana nui me ke anawaena ʻoi aku ma mua o 20mm.
◦ ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka decarburization o ka ʻili: Paʻa ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, e hōʻemi ana i ka hopena o ka hāʻule mua.
◦ ʻO ka naʻau o ka wela a me ka palupalu ʻana: Pono e hoʻomalu pono ʻia ka mahana kinai, a pono e pale ʻia ka pae wela brittle i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana.
◦ Hana hana maikaʻi: hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia a welded, kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻano paʻakikī, akā haʻahaʻa ke anuanu deformation plasticity.
• Nā kikoʻī hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela
◦ Hoʻopiʻi: Ke ana wela 830 ℃ ± 20 ℃, hoʻoluʻu aila.
◦ Hoʻomāmā: Tempering wela 540 ℃ ± 50 ℃, ± 30 ℃ i ka wā e pono ai.
◦ Hana maʻamau: ʻO ka mahana 810 ± 10 ℃, hoʻoluʻu ea.
• Nā wahi noi
◦ ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka puna: e like me nā pūnāwai lau kaʻa, nā pūnāwai haʻalulu, nā puna valve, nā ʻohe paʻa, etc.
◦ Nā ʻāpana mīkini: hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe-friction e like me nā gears, bearings, a me nā pistons.
◦ ʻO nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i make: me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kona paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa paʻa ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā mea ʻokiʻoki, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, etc.
◦ Nā hale a me nā alahaka: hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hiki ke hāpai i nā hale, e like me nā alahaka alahaka, nā kākoʻo hale, etc.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-18-2025