Hoʻolauna papa ipu

Ma ke ʻano he ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā papa kila, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā papa ipu i ka ʻoihana hou. Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano kūikawā a me nā waiwai, hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e hana i nā ipu kaomi e hoʻokō i nā koi koʻikoʻi o ke kaomi, ka mahana a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho i nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole.

ʻO ka haku mele kūikawā a me ka hana

Ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ke ʻano kemika o nā papa pahu e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kā lākou hana piha maikaʻi loa. Ma waho aʻe o nā mea kumu, hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻohuihui e like me ka chromium, nickel, molybdenum, a me vanadium e like me nā ʻano hoʻohana like ʻole a me nā koi hana. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o kēia mau mea hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, ke kūpaʻa i ka pala a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe o nā papa pahu, e kūpono ai no nā ʻano hana paʻakikī like ʻole.

Ma ke ʻano o nā waiwai mechanical, loaʻa i nā papa ipu ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai iā lākou ke kū i ke kaomi nui me ka ʻole o ka deformation a i ʻole ka haki ʻana; hiki i ka paʻakikī maikaʻi ke pale aku i ka haki palupalu ma lalo o nā mana o waho e like me ka hopena a i ʻole ka haʻalulu, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hana palekana o nā lako. I ka manawa like, ʻo kāna hana hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi a me ka hana hana e maʻalahi ai ka hana ʻana i nā ipu kaomi o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā kikoʻī e hoʻokō ai i nā pono ʻenekinia like ʻole.

Nā hoʻokaʻawale waiwai a ʻano like ʻole

Wahi a nā kūlana like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā papa ipu ma nā ʻano he nui. Wahi a ke kumu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke kila ipu kaomi maʻamau, ke kila ipu kaomi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ke kila ipu kaomi wela kiʻekiʻe, ka papa kila hui kila kila, a pēlā aku. He kūpono ke kila ipu kaomi maʻamau no ke kaiapuni mahana waena a me ka maʻamau, waena a me ke kaomi haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ia ka mea kumu i hoʻohana nui ʻia; he maikaʻi ka paʻakikī o ke kila ipu kaomi wela haʻahaʻa a kūpono no ke kaiapuni lawelawe mahana haʻahaʻa; hiki i ke kila ipu kaomi wela kiʻekiʻe ke mālama i ka hana paʻa i ke kaiapuni mahana kiʻekiʻe a hoʻokō i nā koi o nā kūlana hana mahana kiʻekiʻe; hoʻohui ka papa kila hui kila kila i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ke kila kila a me ka ikaika o ke kila maʻamau, a kūpono no nā hiʻohiʻona me nā koi kūikawā no ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻino.

Wahi a ke ʻano kemika, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā papa ipu i nā papa ipu kila kalapona, nā papa ipu kila metala haʻahaʻa a me nā papa ipu kila kila ʻole. He haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai o nā papa ipu kila kalapona a he hana hana maikaʻi; ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui nā papa ipu kila metala haʻahaʻa i ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa i ka palaho ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea metala; hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā papa ipu kila kila ʻole i nā ʻoihana me nā koi kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa e like me ka ʻoihana kemika a me ka meaʻai ma muli o ko lākou kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka palaho.

Nā kahua noi ākea

He ākea loa nā noi o nā papa ipu a he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko lākou i nā ʻoihana e like me ka petroleum, ka ʻoihana kemika, nā kikowaena mana, nā paila, a pēlā aku. I ka ʻoihana petrochemical, hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā lako e like me nā reactors, nā mea hoʻololi wela, nā mea hoʻokaʻawale, nā pahu poepoe, nā pahu aila a me ke kinoea, a me nā pahu kinoea wai. Pono kēia mau lako e hana no ka manawa lōʻihi ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, a me ka pala ikaika. ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe o nā papa ipu e hāʻawi i ka hōʻoia hilinaʻi no kā lākou hana palekana a paʻa.

Ma ke kahua o nā kikowaena mana a me nā paila, hoʻohana ʻia nā papa ipu e hana i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e like me nā pahu paila a me nā ipu kaomi reactor nukelea. Pono nā pahu paila e kū i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe a me ka mahu kaomi kiʻekiʻe, kahi e pono ai ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe o nā mea; pili nā ipu kaomi reactor nukelea i ka hana palekana o nā hale hana mana nukelea, a ua kau ʻia nā kūlana paʻa loa ma ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā papa ipu.

Eia kekahi, i loko o nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, meaʻai, palekana o ke kaiapuni a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana ʻia nā papa ipu e hana i nā ipu mālama a me nā ipu pane like ʻole e hoʻokō ai i nā koi kūikawā o ka ʻoihana no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion, a pēlā aku.

Kūlana hoʻouna like ʻole

ʻO ke kūlana hoʻouna o nā papa ipu e pili ana i ka ʻōwili wela, ka ʻōwili i kāohi ʻia, ka normalizing, ka normalizing + tempering, ka tempering + quenching (tempering), a pēlā aku. ʻO nā kūlana hoʻouna like ʻole e hōʻike i nā papa ipu i nā hui a me nā waiwai like ʻole. I ke kūlana ʻōwili wela, haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai o ka papa kila, akā ʻaʻole like ka like o ka hana; hiki i ka ʻōwili i kāohi ʻia ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hua a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka papa kila ma ka hoʻomalu pono ʻana i nā palena hana ʻōwili; hiki i ka normalizing ke hana i ke ʻano o ka papa kila a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical; hiki i ka normalizing + tempering ke hoʻopau hou i ke kaumaha kūloko, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa dimensional; hiki i ka quenching a me ka tempering ke hana i ka papa kila e loaʻa i ka hui maikaʻi loa o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi.

ʻO ke koho ʻana i ke kūlana hoʻouna kūpono e pono ai ka noʻonoʻo piha ʻana i nā mea e like me nā kūlana hoʻohana, ka ʻenehana hana a me ke kumukūʻai o ka ipu. No ka laʻana, no nā ipu kaomi i kau ʻia i ke kaomi a me ka hopena nui aʻe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kūlana hoʻouna o ka quenching a me ka tempering treatment; ʻoiai no kekahi mau ipu i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i ke kumukūʻai a he haʻahaʻa nā koi hana, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o nā papa ipu i ʻōwili wela ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​papa ipu i hoʻonohonoho ʻia.